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International multi-sport events for disabled athletes

Ice Sledge Hockey: United States (blue shirts) vs Japan (white shirts) during the 2010 Paralympics ⭕️ in Vancouver.

The Paralympic sports comprise all the sports contested in the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games.

As of 2020, the Summer ⭕️ Paralympics included 22 sports and 539 medal events,[1] and the Winter Paralympics include 5 sports and disciplines and about 80 ⭕️ events.

[2] The number and kinds of events may change from one Paralympic Games to another.

The Paralympic Games are a major ⭕️ international multi-sport event for athletes with physical disabilities or intellectual impairments.

This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and cerebral ⭕️ palsy.

Paralympic sports refers to organized competitive sporting activities as part of the global Paralympic movement.

These sports are organized and run ⭕️ under the supervision of the International Paralympic Committee and other international sports federations.

History [ edit ]

Archery: Lindsey Carmichael from the ⭕️ United States, at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing.

Organized sport for persons with physical disabilities developed out of rehabilitation programs.

Following ⭕️ World War II, in response to the needs of large numbers of injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced ⭕️ as a key part of rehabilitation.

Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport.

The pioneer of this ⭕️ approach was Ludwig Guttmann of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England.

In 1948, while the Olympic Games were being held in ⭕️ London, England, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville.

This was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville ⭕️ Games, which evolved into the modern Paralympic Games.[3]

Organization [ edit ]

Globally, the International Paralympic Committee is recognized as the leading ⭕️ organization, with direct governance of nine sports, and responsibility over the Paralympic Games and other multi-sport, multi-disability events.

Other international organizations, ⭕️ notably the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), International Sports Federation for Persons ⭕️ with Intellectual Disability (INAS) and the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA) govern some sports that are specific ⭕️ to certain disability groups.

[4] In addition, certain single-sport federations govern sports for athletes with a disability, either as part of ⭕️ an able-bodied sports federation such as the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI), or as a disabled sports federation such ⭕️ as the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation.[5]

At the national level, there are a wide range of organizations that take responsibility for ⭕️ Paralympic sport, including National Paralympic Committees,[6] which are members of the IPC, and many others.[citation needed]

Disability categories [ edit ]

Cycling: ⭕️ Karissa Whitsell and Mackenzie Woodring (pilot) from the United States, compete in Beijing 2008

Biathlon: Andy Soule from the United States, ⭕️ at the 2010 Paralympics in Vancouver.

Athletes who participate in Paralympic sport are grouped into ten major categories, based on their ⭕️ type of disability:

Physical Impairment - There are eight different types of physical impairment recognized by the movement:

Impaired muscle power - ⭕️ With impairments in this category, the force generated by muscles, such as the muscles of one limb, one side of ⭕️ the body or the lower half of the body is reduced, e.g.

due to spinal-cord injury, spina bifida or polio.

- With ⭕️ impairments in this category, the force generated by muscles, such as the muscles of one limb, one side of the ⭕️ body or the lower half of the body is reduced, e.g.

due to spinal-cord injury, spina bifida or polio.

Impaired passive range ⭕️ of movement - Range of movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way.

Acute conditions such as ⭕️ arthritis are not included.

- Range of movement in one or more joints is reduced in a systematic way.

Acute conditions such ⭕️ as arthritis are not included.

Loss of limb or limb deficiency - A total or partial absence of bones or joints ⭕️ from partial or total loss due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency (e.g.dysmelia).

- A total or partial absence of ⭕️ bones or joints from partial or total loss due to illness, trauma, or congenital limb deficiency (e.g.dysmelia).

Leg-length difference - Significant ⭕️ bone shortening occurs in one leg due to congenital deficiency or trauma.

- Significant bone shortening occurs in one leg due ⭕️ to congenital deficiency or trauma.

Short stature - Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and trunk, which are ⭕️ due to a musculoskeletal deficit of bone or cartilage structures.

- Standing height is reduced due to shortened legs, arms and ⭕️ trunk, which are due to a musculoskeletal deficit of bone or cartilage structures.

Hypertonia - Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal ⭕️ increase in muscle tension and reduced ability of a muscle to stretch.

Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions which ⭕️ involve damage to the central nervous system (e.g.cerebral palsy).

- Hypertonia is marked by an abnormal increase in muscle tension and ⭕️ reduced ability of a muscle to stretch.

Hypertonia may result from injury, disease, or conditions which involve damage to the central ⭕️ nervous system (e.g.cerebral palsy).

Ataxia - Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements (e.g.

cerebral ⭕️ palsy, Friedreich's ataxia).

- Ataxia is an impairment that consists of a lack of coordination of muscle movements (e.g.

cerebral palsy, Friedreich's ⭕️ ataxia).

Athetosis - Athetosis is generally characterized by unbalanced, involuntary movements and a difficulty maintaining a symmetrical posture (e.g.

cerebral palsy, choreoathetosis).

Visual ⭕️ Impairment - Athletes with visual impairment ranging from partial vision, sufficient to be judged legally blind, to total blindness.

This includes ⭕️ impairment of one or more component of the visual system (eye structure, receptors, optic nerve pathway, and visual cortex).

[7] The ⭕️ sighted guides for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the ⭕️ athlete with visual impairment and the guide are considered a team.

Beginning in 2012, these guides (along with sighted goalkeepers in ⭕️ 5-a-side football became eligible to receive medals of their own.[8][9]

Intellectual Disability - Athletes with a significant impairment in intellectual functioning ⭕️ and associated limitations in adaptive behaviour.

The IPC primarily serves athletes with physical disabilities, but the disability group Intellectual Disability has ⭕️ been added to some Paralympic Games.

This includes only elite athletes with intellectual disabilities diagnosed before the age of 18.

[7] However, ⭕️ the IOC-recognized Special Olympics World Games are open to all people with intellectual disabilities.[10][11]

The disability category determines who athletes compete ⭕️ against and which sports they participate in.

Some sports are open to multiple disability categories (e.g.

cycling), while others are restricted to ⭕️ only one (e.g.

Five-a-side football).

In some sports athletes from multiple categories compete, but only within their category (e.g.

athletics), while in others ⭕️ athletes from different categories compete against one another (e.g.swimming).

Events in the Paralympics are commonly labelled with the relevant disability category, ⭕️ such as Men's Swimming Freestyle S1, indicating athletes with a severe physical impairment, or Ladies Table Tennis 11, indicating athletes ⭕️ with an intellectual disability.[12]

Classification [ edit ]

Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics

A major component of Paralympic sport is classification.

[7] Classification ⭕️ provides a structure for competition which allows athletes to compete against others with similar disabilities or similar levels of physical ⭕️ function.

It is similar in aim to the weight classes or age categories used in some non-disabled sports.

Athletes are classified through ⭕️ a variety of processes that depend on their disability group and the sport they are participating in.

Evaluation may include a ⭕️ physical or medical examination, a technical evaluation of how the athlete performs certain sport-related physical functions, and observation in and ⭕️ out of competition.

Each sport has its own specific classification system which factors into the rules for Olympic competition in the ⭕️ sport.[citation needed]

Summer Paralympics [ edit ]

Current summer sports [ edit ]

The following table lists the currently practiced Paralympic sports,

Wheelchair basketball: ⭕️ Iran vs South Africa at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.

Discontinued summer sports [ edit ]

Winter Paralympics [ edit ]

Current winter sports ⭕️ [ edit ]

Alpine skiing: Talan Skeels-Piggins from Great Britain at the Winter Paralympics 2010 in Vancouver.

Discontinued winter sports [ edit ⭕️ ]

Sport Eligible impairments Governing body Paralympic Games status Physical Visual Intellectual Ice sledge racing Yes Winter Sport (1980–1988, 1994–1998)

Possible future ⭕️ winter sports [ edit ]

Bob Balk, the chairman of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Athletes' Council, launched a campaign in ⭕️ early 2012 to have sliding sports (bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) included at the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.[13]

At ⭕️ the meeting in Madrid, Spain, on 10 and 11 September 2018, the IPC executive board announced that Para Bobsleigh had ⭕️ failed in some evaluation criteria and would not be part of the official program for the 2022 Winter Paralympic Games.[14]

Abbreviations ⭕️ [ edit ]Notes [ edit ]

The categories listed represent all those groups that participate in this sport at some level.

Not ⭕️ all these categories are represented in competition at the Paralympic Games.

The governing bodies listed represent those organizations responsible for the ⭕️ broadest level of participation.

In some cases, other disability-specific organizations will also have some governance of athletes in that sport within ⭕️ their own group.

For example, the IPC governs multi-disability athletics competitions such as the Paraympic Games; however, CP-ISRA, IBSA, and IWAS ⭕️ provide single-disability events in athletics for athletes with cerebral palsy, visually impaired athletes, and wheelchair and amputee athletes respectively.

Paralympic Games ⭕️ status details the years these sports were practiced as full medal events at the Paralympic Games.