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Card game

"Poker player" redirects here. For the magazine, see Poker Player

A game of

Texas hold 'em in progress. "Hold 'em" 3️⃣ is a popular form of poker.

Poker is a family of

comparing card games in which players wager over which hand 3️⃣ is best according to that

specific game's rules. It is played worldwide, but in some places the rules may vary.

3️⃣ While the earliest known form of the game was played with just 20 cards, today it is

usually played with 3️⃣ a standard deck, although in countries where short packs are

common, it may be played with 32, 40 or 48 3️⃣ cards.[1] Thus poker games vary in deck

configuration, the number of cards in play, the number dealt face up or 3️⃣ face down, and

the number shared by all players, but all have rules that involve one or more rounds of

3️⃣ betting.

In most modern poker games, the first round of betting begins with one or more

of the players making some 3️⃣ form of a forced bet (the blind or ante). In standard poker,

each player bets according to the rank they 3️⃣ believe their hand is worth as compared to

the other players. The action then proceeds clockwise as each player in 3️⃣ turn must

either match (or "call") the maximum previous bet, or fold, losing the amount bet so

far and all 3️⃣ further involvement in the hand. A player who matches a bet may also

"raise" (increase) the bet. The betting round 3️⃣ ends when all players have either called

the last bet or folded. If all but one player folds on any 3️⃣ round, the remaining player

collects the pot without being required to reveal their hand. If more than one player

remains 3️⃣ in contention after the final betting round, a showdown takes place where the

hands are revealed, and the player with 3️⃣ the winning hand takes the pot.

With the

exception of initial forced bets, money is only placed into the pot voluntarily 3️⃣ by a

player who either believes the bet has a positive expected value or who is trying to

bluff other 3️⃣ players for various strategic reasons. Thus, while the outcome of any

particular hand significantly involves chance, the long-run expectations of 3️⃣ the players

are determined by their actions chosen on the basis of probability, psychology, and

game theory.

Poker has increased in 3️⃣ popularity since the beginning of the 20th century

and has gone from being primarily a recreational activity confined to small 3️⃣ groups of

enthusiasts to a widely popular activity, both for participants and spectators,

including online, with many professional players and 3️⃣ multimillion-dollar tournament

prizes.[2]

History [ edit ]

While poker's exact origin is the subject of debate, many

game scholars point to the 3️⃣ French game Poque and the Persian game As-Nas as possible

early inspirations.[3] For example, in the 1937 edition of Foster's 3️⃣ Complete Hoyle, R.

F. Foster wrote that "the game of poker, as first played in the United States, five

cards 3️⃣ to each player from a twenty-card pack, is undoubtedly the Persian game of

As-Nas." However, in the 1990s the notion 3️⃣ that poker is a direct derivative of As-Nas

began to be challenged by gaming historians including David Parlett. What is 3️⃣ certain,

however, is that poker was popularized in the American South in the early 19th century,

as gambling riverboats in 3️⃣ the Mississippi River and around New Orleans during the 1830s

helped spread the game. One early description of poker was 3️⃣ played on a steamboat in

1829 is recorded by the English actor, Joe Cowell. The game was played with twenty

3️⃣ cards ranking from Ace (high) to Ten (low).[4]

In contrast to this version of poker,

seven-card stud only appeared in the 3️⃣ middle of the 19th century, and was largely spread

by the US military.[5] It became a staple in many casinos 3️⃣ following the second world

war, and grew in popularity with the advent of the World Series of Poker in the

3️⃣ 1970s.[6]

Texas hold 'em and other community card games began to dominate the gambling

scenes over the next couple of decades. 3️⃣ The televising of poker was a particularly

strong influence increasing the popularity of the game during the turn of the

3️⃣ millennium, resulting in the poker boom a few years later between 2003 and 2006. Today

the game has grown to 3️⃣ become an extremely popular pastime worldwide.

Gameplay [ edit

]

Further information on betting rules: Betting in poker

In casual play, the right 3️⃣ to

deal a hand typically rotates among the players and is marked by a token called a

dealer button (or 3️⃣ buck). In a casino, a house dealer handles the cards for each hand,

but the button (typically a white plastic 3️⃣ disk) is rotated clockwise among the players

to indicate a nominal dealer to determine the order of betting. The cards 3️⃣ are dealt

clockwise around the poker table, one at a time.

One or more players are usually

required to make forced 3️⃣ bets, usually either an ante or a blind bet (sometimes both).

The dealer shuffles the cards, the player on the 3️⃣ chair to their right cuts, and the

dealer deals the appropriate number of cards to the players one at a 3️⃣ time, beginning

with the player to their left. Cards may be dealt either face-up or face-down,

depending on the variant 3️⃣ of poker being played. After the initial deal, the first of

what may be several betting rounds begins. Between rounds, 3️⃣ the players' hands develop

in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt.

At the 3️⃣ end of each round, all bets are gathered into the central pot.

At any time

during a betting round, if one 3️⃣ player bets, no opponents choose to call (match) the

bet, and all opponents instead fold, the hand ends immediately, the 3️⃣ bettor is awarded

the pot, no cards are required to be shown, and the next hand begins. This is what

3️⃣ makes bluffing possible. Bluffing is a primary feature of poker, distinguishing it from

other vying games and from other games 3️⃣ that use poker hand rankings.

At the end of the

last betting round, if more than one player remains, there is 3️⃣ a showdown, in which the

players reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their hands. The player with

the best 3️⃣ hand according to the poker variant being played wins the pot. A poker hand

comprises five cards; in variants where 3️⃣ a player has more than five cards available to

them, only the best five-card combination counts. There are 10 different 3️⃣ kinds of poker

hands, such as straight flush and four of a kind.

Variants [ edit ]

2006 WSOP Main

Event table

Poker 3️⃣ has many variations,[7][8] all following a similar pattern of play[9]

and generally using the same hand ranking hierarchy. There are 3️⃣ four main families of

variants, largely grouped by the protocol of card-dealing and betting:

Straight A

complete hand is dealt to 3️⃣ each player, and players bet in one round, with raising and

re-raising allowed. This is the oldest poker family; the 3️⃣ root of the game as now played

was a game known as Primero, which evolved into the game three-card brag, 3️⃣ a very

popular gentleman's game around the time of the American Revolutionary War and still

enjoyed in the U.K. today. 3️⃣ Straight hands of five cards are sometimes used as a final

showdown, but poker is almost always played in a 3️⃣ more complex form to allow for

additional strategy. Stud poker Cards are dealt in a prearranged combination of

face-down and 3️⃣ face-up rounds, or streets, with a round of betting following each. This

is the next-oldest family; as poker progressed from 3️⃣ three to five-card hands, they were

often dealt one card at a time, either face-down or face-up, with a betting 3️⃣ round

between each. The most popular stud variant today, seven-card stud, deals two extra

cards to each player (three face-down, 3️⃣ four face-up) from which they must make the best

possible 5-card hand.

Draw poker Five-card draw: A complete hand is dealt 3️⃣ to each

player, face-down. Then each player must place an ante to the pot. They can then see

their cards 3️⃣ and bet accordingly. After betting, players can discard up to three cards

and take new ones from the top of 3️⃣ the deck. Then, another round of betting takes place.

Finally, each player must show their cards and the player with 3️⃣ the best hand

wins.

Community card poker Also known as "flop poker," community card poker is a

variation of stud poker. 3️⃣ Players are dealt an incomplete hand of face-down cards, and

then a number of face-up community cards are dealt to 3️⃣ the center of the table, each of

which can be used by one or more of the players to make 3️⃣ a 5-card hand. Texas hold 'em

and Omaha are two well-known variants of the community card family.

There are several

methods 3️⃣ for defining the structure of betting during a hand of poker. The three most

common structures are known as "fixed-limit," 3️⃣ "pot-limit," and "no-limit." In

fixed-limit poker, betting and raising must be done by standardized amounts. For

instance, if the required 3️⃣ bet is X, an initial bettor may only bet X; if a player

wishes to raise a bet, they may 3️⃣ only raise by X. In pot-limit poker, a player may bet

or raise any amount up to the size of 3️⃣ the pot. When calculating the maximum raise

allowed, all previous bets and calls, including the intending raiser's call, are first

3️⃣ added to the pot. The raiser may then raise the previous bet by the full amount of the

pot. In 3️⃣ no-limit poker, a player may wager their entire betting stack at any point that

they are allowed to make a 3️⃣ bet. In all games, if a player does not have enough betting

chips to fully match a bet, they may 3️⃣ go "all-in," allowing them to show down their hand

for the number of chips they have remaining.

While typical poker games 3️⃣ award the pot to

the highest hand as per the standard ranking of poker hands, there are variations where

the 3️⃣ best hand, and thus the hand awarded the pot, is the lowest-ranked hand instead. In

such games the best hand 3️⃣ contains the lowest cards rather than the highest cards; some

variations may be further complicated by whether or not hands 3️⃣ such as flushes and

straights are considered in the hand rankings. There are also games where the highest

and lowest 3️⃣ hands divide the pot between them, known as "high low split" games.

Other

games that use poker hand rankings may likewise 3️⃣ be referred to as poker. Video poker is

a single-player video game that functions much like a slot machine; most 3️⃣ video poker

machines play draw poker, where the player bets, a hand is dealt, and the player can

discard and 3️⃣ replace cards. Payout is dependent on the hand resulting after the draw and

the player's initial bet.

Strip poker is a 3️⃣ traditional poker variation where players

remove clothing when they lose bets. Since it depends only on the basic mechanic of

3️⃣ betting in rounds, strip poker can be played with any form of poker; however, it is

usually based on simple 3️⃣ variants with few betting rounds, like five card draw.

Another

game with the poker name, but with a vastly different mode 3️⃣ of play, is called

Acey-Deucey or Red Dog poker. This game is more similar to Blackjack in its layout and

3️⃣ betting; each player bets against the house, and then is dealt two cards. For the

player to win, the third 3️⃣ card dealt (after an opportunity to raise the bet) must have a

value in-between the first two. Payout is based 3️⃣ on the odds that this is possible,

based on the difference in values of the first two cards. Other poker-like 3️⃣ games played

at casinos against the house include three card poker and pai gow poker.

Computer

programs [ edit ]

A variety 3️⃣ of computer poker players have been developed by

researchers at the University of Alberta, Carnegie Mellon University, and the

University 3️⃣ of Auckland amongst others.

In a January 2024 article[10] published in

Science, a group of researchers mostly from the University of 3️⃣ Alberta announced that

they "essentially weakly solved" heads-up limit Texas Hold 'em with their development

of their Cepheus poker bot. 3️⃣ The authors claimed that Cepheus would lose at most 0.001

big blinds per game on average against its worst-case opponent, 3️⃣ and the strategy is

thus so "close to optimal" that "it can't be beaten with statistical significance

within a lifetime 3️⃣ of human poker playing."[11]