Recreational outdoor activity
Rafting in Ladakh, IndiaRafting in Alaska
Rafting on the Tara river, Bosnia
Rafting and whitewater rafting are recreational outdoor activities 6️⃣ which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water.
This is often done on whitewater or 6️⃣ different degrees of rough water.
Dealing with risk is often a part of the experience.[1]
This activity as an adventure sport has 6️⃣ become popular since the 1950s, if not earlier, evolving from individuals paddling 10 feet (3.0 m) to 14 feet (4.
3 6️⃣ m) rafts with double-bladed paddles or oars to multi-person rafts propelled by single-bladed paddles and steered by a person at 6️⃣ the stern, or by the use of oars.[2]
Rafting on certain sections of rivers is considered an extreme sport and can 6️⃣ be fatal, while other sections are not so extreme or difficult.
Rafting is also a competitive sport practiced around the world 6️⃣ which culminates in a world rafting championship event between the participating nations.
The International Rafting Federation, often referred to as the 6️⃣ IRF, is the worldwide body which oversees all aspects of the sport.
[3]Equipment [ edit ]
Rafting equipment has continuously evolved and 6️⃣ developed significantly from old rubber WW II era military surplus rafts.
Modern whitewater rafts are typically made with advanced nylon or 6️⃣ Kevlar infused plastics like PVC or urethane; though many of the more entry-level low-cost manufacturers still use a glued rubber.
Plastic 6️⃣ is generally more durable, longer-lasting, and just as easy to repair compared to older rubber rafts.[4]
Paddles and oars are the 6️⃣ typical means of propulsion for rafts and come in many sizes and varieties with specific river conditions in mind.
Paddles [ 6️⃣ edit ]
Paddles are a combination of layered wood, plastic, aluminium, carbon fiber, or other advanced composites.
There are many types and 6️⃣ combinations of these materials with lower-end entry-level paddles being composed of cheap aluminum and plastic.
Higher-end models are constructed of high-end 6️⃣ composites and mostly utilized by professional rafting guides, raft racers, and expedition paddlers.[5]
The basic paddle design for rafting consists of 6️⃣ 3 parts:Single bladeShaftT-grip
Paddles are typically utilized by rafters in smaller and lower volume rivers where rocks and other hazards can 6️⃣ damage larger oars.
Paddles are typically used by guests on commercial trips as well since it is seen as a more 6️⃣ engaging way to enjoy the river trip.
When paddles are used in a raft it is referred to as "paddling" or 6️⃣ "paddle guiding".[6]Oars [ edit ]
Oars are commonly made from the same materials as paddles.
Wood, plastic, aluminum, and carbon fiber.
Oars are 6️⃣ designed for several different rivers with slightly different blade shapes built to handle varying river conditions.
Wooden oars are typically built 6️⃣ as one solid piece to help retain strength and resilience of the oar while it is strained under a load.
Composite 6️⃣ or metallic oars typically are made in three parts:BladeShaftGrip
All of these parts are interchangeable and can be upgraded and altered 6️⃣ in many ways to make rowing more enjoyable.
[7] Oars are generally used on wider flatter rivers of higher volume to 6️⃣ facilitate moving more efficiently across long slow-moving pools, though anglers will often use shorter oars on smaller rafts in low 6️⃣ volume rivers to help them maintain an advantageous upstream position while anglers cast from the raft.
When a raft utilizes oars 6️⃣ it is called "rowing" though many people typically incorrectly refer to this as "oaring" or "oar framing", however, these terms 6️⃣ are incorrect and often suggest inexperience when used in conversation with members of the rafting community.
Oars typically use one of 6️⃣ 2 systems to attach to the boat, but in either case, they interface with the boat through a large metallic 6️⃣ frame strapped to the boat called an "oar frame".
Oars connect to the frame by either a pin and clip system 6️⃣ or a system called oarlocks.
Either system connects to the frame via oar towers on either side of the frame.
Pins and 6️⃣ clips [ edit ]
Pins are referred to as "thole pins" or "oar pins".
A large metal clip attaches to the oar 6️⃣ and clips onto the pin.
The top of the pin has a rubber or plastic stopper that prevents the oar from 6️⃣ slipping over the top of the pin.
The bottom of the pin connects to an oar tower designed to hold the 6️⃣ pin in place.
This system is an older system though it is useful for certain types of river running namely big, 6️⃣ dangerous Class 5 rivers that require your oars to stay in place as much as possible.
Oarlocks [ edit ]
Oarlocks or 6️⃣ locks are a more common form of attachment for oars as they allow the rower to "feather" the oar back 6️⃣ and forth as they row making it easier on the person using the oars to continue downstream.
Oarlocks look like a 6️⃣ pin topped with a U-shaped metal flange.
The oars slide into the gap between the U-shaped metal pieces and can be 6️⃣ held in place with a plastic stopper called an oarlock.
The oarlock allows the oar to maintain its position on the 6️⃣ oar at a correct length for rowing.
History [ edit ]
Whitewater rafting can be traced back to 1811 when the first 6️⃣ recorded attempt to navigate the Snake River in Wyoming was planned.
With no training, experience, or proper equipment, the river was 6️⃣ found to be too difficult and dangerous.
Hence, it was given the nickname "Mad River".
On June 9, 1940, Clyde Smith led 6️⃣ a successful trip through the Snake River Canyon.[8]
Classes of white water [ edit ]
Rafting on the Neitikoski Rapids in Lieksa, 6️⃣ North Karelia, Finland
Otherwise known as the International Scale of River Difficulty, below are the six grades of difficulty in white 6️⃣ water rafting.
They range from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries.
Class 1: Very small rough areas, might 6️⃣ require slight maneuvering.
(Skill level: Very basic)
Class 2: Some rough water, maybe some rocks, might require some maneuvering.
(Skill level: Basic paddling 6️⃣ skill)
Class 3: Small waves, maybe a small drop, but no considerable danger.
May require significant maneuvering.
(Skill level: Some experience in rafting)
Class 6️⃣ 4: Whitewater, medium waves, maybe rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed.
(Skill level: Exceptional rafting experience)
Class 5: 6️⃣ Whitewater, large waves, large volume, possibility of large rocks and hazards, possibility of a large drop, requires precise maneuvering.
(Skill level: 6️⃣ Full mastery of rafting)
Class 6: Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are effectively unnavigable on 6️⃣ a reliably safe basis.
Rafters can expect to encounter substantial whitewater, huge waves, huge rocks and hazards, and/or substantial drops that 6️⃣ will impart severe impacts beyond the structural capacities and impact ratings of almost all rafting equipment.
Traversing a Class 6 rapid 6️⃣ has a dramatically increased likelihood of ending in serious injury or death compared to lesser classes.
(Skill level: Full mastery of 6️⃣ rafting, and even then it may not be safe)[9]Safety [ edit ]
Wetsuits, additional personal flotation devices (aka lifejackets) and sport 6️⃣ helmets are mandatory and often imposed by law at least on tours of commercial operators, due to the constant risk 6️⃣ of falling off the boat
The overall risk level on a rafting trip using proper precautions is low.
[10] Thousands of people 6️⃣ safely enjoy rafting trips every year.
Like most outdoor sports, rafting, in general, has become safer over the years.
Expertise in the 6️⃣ sport has increased, and equipment has become more specialized and improved in quality.
As a result, the difficulty rating of most 6️⃣ river runs has changed.
A classic example is the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, which historically had a reputation far 6️⃣ exceeding its actual safety statistics.
Today the Grand Canyon sees hundreds of safe rafting trips by both do it yourself rafters 6️⃣ and commercial river concessionaires.[10]
Rafting companies generally require customers to sign waiver forms indicating understanding and acceptance of potential serious risks.
Both 6️⃣ do-it-yourself and commercial rafting trips often begin with safety presentations to educate rafting participants about problems that may arise.
Depending on 6️⃣ the area, safety regulations covering rafting, both for the general do-it-yourself public as well as commercial operators, may exist in 6️⃣ legislation.
These range from the mandatory wearing of lifejackets, carrying certain equipment such as whistles and throwable flotation devices, to certification 6️⃣ of commercial outfitters and their employees.
It is generally advisable to discuss safety measures with a commercial rafting operator before signing 6️⃣ on for that type of trip.
The required equipment needed is essential information to be considered.
Risks in white water rafting stem 6️⃣ from both environmental dangers and from improper behavior.
Certain features on rivers are inherently unsafe and have remained consistently so.
These would 6️⃣ include 'keeper hydraulics', 'strainers' (e.g.
fallen trees), dams (especially low-head dams, which tend to produce river-wide keeper hydraulics), undercut rocks, and 6️⃣ of course dangerously high waterfalls.
Even in safe areas, moving water can always present risks-such as when a swimmer attempts to 6️⃣ stand up on a rocky riverbed in strong current, risking foot entrapment.
Irresponsible behavior related to rafting while intoxicated has also 6️⃣ contributed to many accidents.[11]
Typical rafting injuries include trauma from striking an object, traumatic stress from the interaction of the paddler's 6️⃣ positioning and equipment and the force of the water, overuse injuries, submersion/environmental injuries, and non-environmental injuries due to undisclosed medical 6️⃣ conditions (such as heart problems).
[12] Studies have shown that injury rates in rafting are relatively low,[13] though they may be 6️⃣ skewed due to a large number of unreported incidents.
[14] Fatalities are rare in both commercial and do-it-yourself rafting.
[12] Meta-analyses have 6️⃣ calculated that fatalities ranged between 0.55[15] - 0.
86[16] per 100,000 user days.
Environmental issues [ edit ]
Rafting in Montenegro
Like all outdoor 6️⃣ activities, rafting must balance its use of nature with the conservation of rivers as a natural resource and habitat.
Because of 6️⃣ these issues, some rivers now have regulations restricting the annual seasons and daily operating times or numbers of rafters.
Conflicts have 6️⃣ arisen when commercial rafting operators, often in co-operation with municipalities and tourism associations, alter the riverbed by dredging and/or blasting 6️⃣ in order to eliminate safety hazards or create more interesting whitewater features in the river.
Environmentalists argue that this may have 6️⃣ negative impacts to riparian and aquatic ecosystems, while proponents claim these measures are usually only temporary since a riverbed is 6️⃣ naturally subject to permanent changes during large floods and other events.
Another conflict involves the distribution of scarce river permits to 6️⃣ either the do-it-yourself public or commercial rafting companies.[17]
Rafting by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies contributes to the economy of 6️⃣ many regions which in turn may contribute to the protection of rivers from hydroelectric power generation, diversion for irrigation, and 6️⃣ other development.
Additionally, white water rafting trips can promote environmentalism.
Multi-day rafting trips by do-it-yourself rafters and commercial rafting companies through the 6️⃣ National Wild and Scenic Rivers System have the potential to develop environmental stewardship and general environmental behavior.
Studies suggest that environmental 6️⃣ efficacy increases when there is an increase in the length of the trip, daily immersion, and the amount of resource 6️⃣ education by trip participants.
[18]See also [ edit ]
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